Why We're Polarized Paperback – June 15, 2021

Ezra Klein’s Why We’re Polarized is an enlightening, smart and thought provoking look at how America, and its 2 main political parties, got so polarized.Klein explores several key narratives including the psychology of group think and identity; a nation that has increasingly sorted itself geographically and ideologically; the nationalization of news and politics; the decline of local and regional news; a declining and enraged power elite of white, aging, Christians; a 50 year campaign by reactionaries to create a culture war based on grievances and abstractions, and a 24/7 cable news and talk radio cycle that exists to stoke division and get attention for itself.The book begins with the story about a group of political scientists in the late 1950s who proposed that the two parties, Democrats and Republicans, were too similar and that the public is better served with a less homogenous and more polarized party system.Klein then delves into some studies around evolutionary psychology, social science, group allegiance and self identity. He presents several example studies of how easily humans sort into us vs them group loyalty and how group identity is stronger than ideology or reason. He cites several studies that prove that fear and hate of out-groups is more powerful than loyalty to your in-group.He then argues that Trump is not an anomaly but rather a natural outgrowth of the Republican movement of the past 40 years. A party whose power is increasingly reliant on a declining white, aging, conservative, Christian demographic which is terrified of losing power and privilege. “When you're accustomed to privilege, equality feels like oppression”.Trump’s latching onto grievances of race and political correctness fulfill a fearful minority’s fantasies of restoration and renewal.Klein explores how the electorate was more ideologically similar across parties 50 years ago when ticket splitting was more common and compromises easier to forge. There were also more diverse cross sections of cultural difference within each party. That changed with the civil rights act of 1964 when the southern Democrat “Dixiecrats” moved to the Republican party under the nomination of Barry Goldwater who was opposed to the act. Yes, polarization has a lot to do with racism.The geographic sorting of the nation which began in the 1960s and accelerated in the 1990s concentrated older, white Americans into the exurbs and the younger, better educated, more diverse Americans into the suburbs and cities. This phenomenon gave the Republicans an opportunity to better target their constituents and create identity narratives that weren’t about compromise and cooperation, but rather grievance and fear of the other side.Democrats grew their portion of the electorate by maintaining a strong sense of diversity and compromise but were disadvantaged because of disproportionate Senate representation in rural states. So as younger Americans began concentrating in cities, their political power weakened as a result of Senate rules, gerrymandering and the electoral college.Over the past 20 years, political campaign demographers began re-defining the dividing line between Republican vs Democrat - those living in areas with less than 900 people per square mile leaned Republican, and areas with more than 900 people per square mile leaned Democrat. In Jonathan's Haidt's book The Righteous Mind - he called it the Whole Foods vs Cracker Barrel divide. Where you ate or shopped for groceries became a bigger indicator of your political party than income, education or many other traditional metrics.Klein then discusses the explosion of cable news and the decline of local reporting. This elevated national politics and politicians which made obsolete the old adage - all politics is local. This also forced politicians to devalue compromise and promote winner-take-all mindsets. This had a greater effect on the Republican party being their constituents were a declining electorate.Dems also rely on a much broader set of news sources, not one source exceeding 15% of their total news consumption, whereas Repubs rely almost exclusively on Fox News and a few similar reinforcers in talk radio. This leads to a Republican party with a more narrow and homogenous view of the world and reinforces the concept of group identity and grievance.Klein argues that the Republican party is well aware of its demographic challenges - the average white American is 58 years old, the average black American 27, the average Asian American - 29, the average Hispanic American - 11! This reality forced the Republican party to re-evaulate their strategies during GW Bush’s first term with compassionate conservatism, outreach to black and latino voters, immigration reform and other shifts. But with Obama’s election, the extreme wing of the right pursued more aggressive and desperate measures to slow the tide (Tea Party). Then along came Trump, who saw an opportunity to exploit that fear and be the fighter that they needed all along. Even evangelical Christians rationalized their support of a clearly immoral nominee by believing that in these desperate times they needed a street fighter to bring the America they grew up in back. Make America Great - Again.Klein also proposes that the gradual weakening of parties and the growth of partisanship is another reason for our current polarization. Back in the day, prior to the caucus and primary process, party officials had more influence in selecting their candidates (smoke filled back rooms) - Klein believes that a candidate like Trump would have never gotten near the Republican nomination. We’ve flipped from a system that selected candidates who were broadly appealing to party officials to a system that selects candidates who are adored by base voters (primary voters).Klein also defends PAC money which he says promotes moderates, while individual donations promote polarization and extremists. Individual donors want to fall in love or express their hate. Institutional donors are more pragmatic - they want moderates who can get things done.Klein proposes a set of possible solutions to our current polarization including:Eliminate the filibuster - which allows the minority to hamstring the majorityGet rid of the Electoral CollegeControl gerrymandering - promote proportional representationConsider Ranked Choice votingHave electoral zones represented by multiple members of congressMake 3rd parties viableGive Wash DC and Puerto Rico congressional representation / statehoodMake voting easier, not harderKlein believes that with these changes the Republican party will be forced to adapt, modernize, be more competitive and less reliant on outrage, culture wars and electorate map manipulations.Overall I found the book well written, eye opening and engaging. It follows other books I’ve read in this genre including Bill Bishop’s The Big Sort, Jon Meacham’s The Soul of America and Jonathan Judis’s The Populist Explosion. I felt the book lost its way a bit towards the end when the author was struggling to figure out how to wrap up his thesis and propose solutions. But in the end, Klein did tie up his loose ends and finished with a sensible set of policy proposals.Highly recommended!

I usually don't write reviews but after seeing all the intense opinions, positive and negative, about the premise and conclusion of the book I felt like putting in my two cents. Personally, I don't think the rating of a book should be based on whether you agree or disagree with the author but should be based on whether the book was thought provoking, knowledge expanding, and written in good faith. I believe Ezra Klein's book was all of those things, as well as a useful look at his model of our current political polarization and the research he did to come up with that model. And the intense opinions, positive and negative, about the book confirm, at the very least, that we are extremely polarized.I've read and listened to Ezra Klein's work at Vox on and off for the last couple years. I thoroughly enjoy his podcast, even when I disagree with something in the conversation. The value of this book, similarly to Ezra's other work, is that it is not meant to take a hard opinion on a contentious issue. Or to attempt to persuade the unpersuadable. He's always looking to learn about an issue from multiple vantage points and opinions, that are credible and made in good faith, in an effort to UNDERSTAND why things are the way they are. Nothing more, nothing less.And this book does exactly what he intended to do, laying out years of research on our political climate and putting forward his best explanation of how we got here. I've seen claims that he has a positive view of polarization and I don't see how they came to that conclusion. He believes, broadly speaking, that the polarization we see in politics and the subsequent actions taken by politicians and public figures actually make sense given their incentives in a polarized system. And he expects that this polarization and its consequences will continue in the near future. That is not a positive view of polarization in. It is just what Klein believes are the forces at play that cause extremely polarizing decisions to be made by political actors on both sides.For example, Klein would argue that the decision by Mitch McConnell to refuse a confirmation hearing of President Obama's Supreme Court nomination following Justice Scalia's is best explained by Senator McConnell acting on the incentive he had to make a Supreme Court nominee an added outcome of the presidential and congressional elections later that year. This is a much more believable explanation than the believe that the Senator is an evil person. But if you disagree with that explanation and analysis that's ok. It's at least another way to look at why actions are taken by those power.So, I think this is definitely worth the read. Knowing his work and how he came up with the ideas in the book(reading an immense amount of literature on the topic and digging deep into with the author's themselves on his podcast) I know he's not trying to be persuasive about anything. Rather, he's simply trying to help anyone else that wants to know how we got here and why by laying out what he's come up with. And he does a great job of that.

Mr. Klein does an excellent job of analyzing the origins and bases for today's extreme political polarization in America. Much of the existing survey data suggests that political polarization is increasing, thereby increasing the chances of either a dominant political party with a thoroughly disaffected minority or a complete breakdown in governance. The data and analysis that Mr. Klein presents is clear, objective, and compelling. In the final chapter of the book, despite his warning about many authors who write whole books about complex issues and then conclude by suggesting how these problems can be solved via a few bullet points, he effectively does the same himself by offering a "framework" for strengthening the system. How his suggestions for "bomb-proofing" and "democratizing" the system could effectively neutralize the polarization that he describes in great detail is simply not credible. In our current climate there are no "win-win" actions.Overall, this is an excellent book except for the concluding chapter, which in my opinion offers unrealistic and naive suggestions that, as far as I can see, have no demonstrable political support. I would have assigned 5 stars had the final chapter been omitted.

As a Brazilian living in US, this book worked as a manual for me to understand what is going on in the country and what is behind people’s thoughts, feelings and reactions. Very in depth analysis into human behavior and also American political structure. I strongly recommend.

Some books change the way you think, I think this one will do that to me.The book teaches the reader how to understand the way people think and reacts to politics. No less. It uses scores of studies, research papers, anecdotes and history as well.He manages to keep thinks fairly objective across most of the book. In the last part he explains his own political point of view (liberal) and tries to sketch some solutions to the current political situation in the US.A treat. And a must.Congratulations and thank you, Mr Klein.

This book explains partisan politics wonderfully. Reading from the UK and it has as much relevance here as the US.

Over the last four years, I’ve read more than twenty books trying to obtain an understanding of the causes of today’s political environment in the U.S. Ezra Klein’s book is by far the best. The author has done considerable research and has written a comprehensive analysis on how we got to where we are in the era of Trump. He has a very entertaining and relaxed style of writing that makes the book an easy read despite the disturbing topic.

A recommendable read ahead of the 2020 US presidential election, „Why We‘re Polarized“ by Ezra Klein. Klein kicks his book off with an in Europe widely overlooked fact: the 2016 US presidential election was nothing extraordinary. In 2004, 55% of men voted for the Republican party compared to 52% both in 2008 and 2012. Donald Trump also got 52% of votes in 2016. Despite Trump‘s sexistic quotes and sexual miscounduct allegations, 41% of women voted for him (and so did the majority of white female voters). John McCain and Mitt Romney got similar numbers in 2012 and 2016. What‘s important to American voters is not the faith in their own candidate but the negative emotions about the party they reject. That voter’s behavior was actually completely different untill 1950. Back then the American Political Science Association called on Democrats and Republicans to become more distinguishable from each other, claiming voters were at a loss whom to vote for and why. Klein explains how race, religion, geograpy and class have become indicators that can easily be applied to predict towards which party one leans to and how Donald Trump made it to highjack the Republican party.All in all, Klein delivers a thoughtful historical and psychological explanation for polarization trends in the US.